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ADDRESS 

AT THE CLOSE OF THE 



TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL FAIR 



<8> 



OF THE 



AMERICAN INSTITUTE, 

ON AWARDING THE PREMIUMS, 



BY THE 



HON. JAMES TALLMADGE, L. L. D., 



33veanient ot tt)^ Knstftutfon. 



DELIVERED 



AT CASTLE GARDEN, OCTOBER 25, 1849. 



J». 



REPORTED BY AUGUSTUS MAVERICK 



NEW YORK: 

WILLIAM E. DEAN, PRINTER, 

2 ANN STREET. 



1849. 




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^. 




ADDRESS 



AT THE CLOSE OF THE 



TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL FAIH 



AMERICAN INSTITUTE. 



GEN. JAMES TALLMADGE, 



DELIVERED 



AT CASTLE GARDEN, OCTOBER 25, 1849. 



REPORTED BY AUGUSTUS MAVERICK, 



NEW YORK: 
WILLIAM E. DEAN, PRINTER, 

2 ANN STREET. 

1849. 






Exchange 
Peabody Inst.,Balto, 
Jan. -28 



ADDRESS 

OF 

GEN. JAxMES TALLMADGE, 

^t t|)e dose ot t|)c 

XXIP FAIH OF THE AMERICAJSF INSTITUTE 



On the evening of Thursday, October 25th, the Twenty- 
Second Fair of the American Institute came to a close. The ». *^ 
reading of the Award of Premiums having 'occupied the '■'^'' \ 
majority of the afternoon and a portion of the evening of that 
day, the Closing Address was delivered at 7| P. M. 

The President of the Institute, Gen. James Tallmadge, be- 
ing at that hour introduced upon the Stage, the vast assem- 
blage in the spacious area of Castle Garden was called to 
order — and the speaker proceeded extemporaneously. The 
following is a summary of his remarks : 

Friends and Fellow Citizens : — 

We are glad to meet you here this night, at this Exhibition 
of the productions of Agriculture, and the works of American 
Mechanics and Artisans. You have listened to the award of 
Premiums usually bestowed at the conclusion of these our 
Annual Fairs — -and have witnessed the host of treasures spread 
out before you. We now invite your attention to the con- 
cluding ceremonies of this occasion. 

At this Twenty-Second Anniversary of the American In- 
stitute, we wish at the outset of any remarks, to return our 



thanks to the citizens of New York and of this Nation, who 
have during the las't twenty-two years nobly sustained all our 
efforts to encourage Agriculture, Commerce, Manufactures and 
the Arts — of the extent and the beauty of which you have this 
night before you so brilliant and abundant examples. 

Let us first briefly review the present condition of our 
Country. Cast your eyes abroad, to the other nations of the 
earth. Where do we find, in them, causes or events from 
which we may learn wisdom, or draw useful examples ? Great 
Britain has been about fifteen centuries and France perhaps 
ten, arriving at their present condition ; while young America. 
— not yet seventy years of age — has taken her position in the 
front rank of nations ; and is holding competition with those 
of the Old World most advanced in the Civilized Arts. — Can 
it be doubted, that, while our Agriculture yields her annual 
'^// product of %Btt Million bushels of Breadstuffs ; and with the 
genius for industry and invention peculiar to our country — 
while a wide field of promise lies open before us, — can it be 
doubted that we shall continue to hold our place, eminent in 
the civilized world. We nov/ stand a sample Republic — free 
and Independent : — blessed with equal rights ; and in the full 
enjoyment of Liberty, — regulated by law ; and made secure 
by the principle of Representation ; and guiding every de- 
partment of government under a respectful regard to public 
opinion and to public happiness. ' 

When we look around upon our Country, we find that the 
Arts are established here — Domestic happiness firmly planted 
— Labor respected — Agriculture elevated — and our Manufac- 
turers exhibiting a variety of fabrics which they are will- 
ing to bring in comparison with those of any portion of the 
earth. 

Look again at our peculiar Institutions. Labor stands in- 
dependent and elevated, and is not reduced to the condition 
of either the subject, the serf, or the slave. Happiness is 
securec^ to every man ; Commerce is well supported ; our 



Manufactures prosperous, and our Artisans receiving the full 
value of their industrial occupations. [Applause,] I know no 
page in history (continued the speaker) that can produce a 
parallel with the recent attitude of our country — at the same 
time feeding an Army abroad ; sustaining a foreign War : 
carrying on all our domestic institutions, and our great system 
of internal improvements ; affording breadstuffs to relieve 
Ireland in her famine, — yet, without pledges or any new le- 
gislative burdens on the country — taking a loan at premium, 
and which now stands in market at thirteen per cent, above 
par ! [Applause.] 

The time was, when it was avowed in the British House 
of Paliament, that "not even a hob-nail" should be made in 
America. The time is^ when our Country is able to manu- 
facture articles for domestic supplies, and an increasing ex- 
port, of an equal or higher grade than any that can be brought 
in competition. The same spirit which was thus avowed in 
the British Parliament has attended all our future progress ; 
and it now offers us "Free Trade'^ — by the late Navigation 
Law of Great Britain. It offers the trade of her Island — 
less in size than several of our States, and especially the 
State of Georgia, — and in this offer it withholds a recipro- 
cal Commerce v/ith all her Colonial institutions, spreafir in 
every quarter of the globe, and which constitute the material 
part of her Empire. For such an^ offer, she gravelj calls it 
" Free Trade," and will claim to have access to ttis country, 
to be admitted into the many thousand miles of its coasting 
trade — with the right of free voyages even to California, and 
into the gold diggings. — It is a trap, if not to catch flies, at 
least, like the artificial fly, used by boys U catch fish. She 
seems to fancy that our Government w^il be caught by the 
term "Free Trade." It is the hope vt my heart that our 
Government will be wide awake, and better understand the 
great and growing interests of this Nation. We have the 
right and are able to demand a thorough Equality. In our 
youth, we have borne our part in all the improvements of 



the age, and a full share in the advancement of the civil in- 
stitutions of the world. 

The United States have a better carrying-trade, than all 
Europe combined. When "Free Trade" is granted to the 
vessels, then comes " the tug of v^ar." The readiness of Eng- 
land for conflicting duties and countervailing regulations will 
not be forgotten. Whe& our laws established a nursery for 
American Seamen, and gave a Bounty on the Fisheries, to 
create a carrying-trade, how long was it before duties were 
provided by England, prohibitory on Fish from a foregin 
country, and duty free coming from a colony. These regula- 
tion's render it necessary for a British vessel only to touch on 
her return voyage at a colony, and thence home, duty free. 
Thus our Bounty on the Fisheries was turned to a carrying- 
trade and nursery for British seamen, and with contiguity to 
British ports, explains the surplus of Foreign " Entries" and 
" Clearances" appearing at the Port of Boston. 

The value of the merchandise exported from Savannah in 
March, 1849, is stated to be 81,224,115 : 

Shipped in American vessels . - - - 67,226 

\" in Foreign vessels _ - - - 1,156,889 



$1,224,115 

The spekljer said, the Timber Trade entered into this state- 
ment, the remarkable feature of which he v/ould not now at- 
tempt to exp'iain. 



The speaker s^id, if the encouragement of Domestic Indus- 
try by a just'Proi-ection, must be withheld, and our laboring 
classes are to be reduced to the condition to which centuries 
of oppression have reduced the laboring classes of Europe, he 
was ready to admit that "Free Trade" was the appropriate 
means by which to accomplish such a result. To bring the 
productions of Europe, from its fifteen hours of daily labor for 
a stinted supply of the nece&saries of life, with the absence of 
all intellectual culture for himself and his children, into com- 



petition with the productions of the ten hours' daily labor of 
this country, with every abundance, and civil and religious 
rights, there could be no uncertainty of the result in the open 
market of the world. The ten hour man must be driven from 
the competition. Agriculture, though a necessary, is not a 
profitable employment. The Artizan is the source of national 
wealth, and his encouragement should be a national object of 
national policy. 

To the question that has sometimes been sneeringly asked : 

^^What has America done ?" — this occasion forbids a full reply ; 
while, however, it seems appropriate to say that. 

It was our Franklin who called down the Lightning, and 
with his rod, guided and directed its course in its mad career. 
It is our Morse who has taught it to read and write — to over- 
leap time and space — and to deliver forthwith tidings of busi- 
ness to the remotest parts of our land. 

It was our Whitney who gave the Cotton-Gin to the coun- 
try and to the world. It has built up the Agriculture of the 
South — given value to its soil — and made us the second com- 
mercial nation of the world. It has, in addition, by its freights 
and return proceeds, increased one half the amount of our 
carrying-trade. 

It was our Fulton who gave the world the Steam Engine 
applied to Navigation. Without it, how slow, how sluggish, 
how lingering, how tardy was our progress ! With it, what 
efficiency, what speed, what promptitude and celerity of 
movement ! it has enabled us to accelerate our advances, 
and, with our skill and genius for inventions, to overtake in 
the race of competition the most advanced nations of the 
world, in all the useful improvements. 

It was Evans who gave us the High Pressure Steam Engine, 
singularly adapted to the navigation of rivers, and indispensa- 



8 

ble for the use of our railroads and various manufactures. — It 
was our Blanchard who gave his country the Lathe to turn 
unequal surfaces, and produce ready for use the gun-stock 
for the soldiers of our country, and which is now engaged and 
applied to the use of the Fine Arts in copying in marble any 
statuary which may be desired, — as well as for the turning 
of the shoe-last. 

We have not time to add details. But in truth the time is 
not far distant when it may better be asked : '' What has 
America not done !" 

[The speaker here paused, while the Band struck up an en- 
livening piece of music] 

On resuming, Gen. Tallmadge spoke of the recent remark- 
able improvements in the Mechanic Arts, and labor-saving 
machinery. He called attention to some specimens of Cast 
Steel made in this country, under circumstances of great ad- 
vancement in that particular department. He said the bars 
exhibited were pure American manufacture. It had been 
claimed that England alone could produce the highest grade 
of cast steel to be used in cutlery, and that she held her ad- 
vantage by reason of peculiar clay or other materials used in 
the manufacture. It is a matter of national interest to us, and 
the Institute believe the discovery complete, that the Black 
Lead of this country makes the pots for the furnace to endure 
a heat adequate to the occasion — and that the power of manu- 
facturing Steel is now thoroughly possessed by ourselves. 

The speaker nrade particular reference to the Cutlery, and 
the specimens of Cast Steel on exhibition, manufactured at 
the Jersey City Works. He considered them articles of the 
highest interest in a national point of view. 

The value of cast steel imported into the United States per 
annum is not less than three millions of dollars. The Works 



referred to, turn out about one ton per day — or, the one- 
sixtieth part of a supply. The immediate cause of this suc- 
cess, is to be found in the fortunate experiment of using Black 
Lead melting-pots with Anthracite coal — (cast steel being 
made in England with clay-pots and coke for fuel.) He held 
up to view a sample black-lead-pot, now in use here. 

The American Institute, continued the speaker, has hereto- 
fore encourafjed a number of meritorious individuals for im- 
provements in the manufacture of iron and steel. The hand- 
some beginning now exhibited, gives confidence to the hope 
that, within five years, a full supply of the very indispensable 
article of Steel will be produced in our own country. 

Premiums had been offered some time since by the Institute, 
to encourage, not only improvements in the iron manufacture, 
but especially in the use of Anthracite coal and a new forma- 
tion of the foundery. The speaker had the pleasure to an- 
nounce that this object had been accomplished, and that good 
bar iron could be made directly from the ore, solely by the use 
of Anthracite fuel ; which he considered another great point 
gained, — quite as important as that of a few years since, in the 
manufacture of pig iron with that fuel. 

He then pointed to several bars of Wrought Iron on exhibi- 
tion — stated that they were made by the new process, direct 
from the ore — and eminently worthy of attention. He made 
particular reference to the good effects of this improved mode 
of manufacture, in superseding the various heatings and blasts, 
and greatly increased expense, hitherto used — with the ability 
of bringing the product into market at greatly reduced rates. 

He then showed a roll of remarkably fine and beautiful 
Wire, made at the Works of Mr. Peter Cooper, of Trenton, 
from blooms puddled with Anthracite coal, expressly for Rail- 
road Iron — and remarkable for the toughness of its material 
and strength of its size. — The speaker continued that he was 
instructed to say, that Railroad Iron was made at the same 
factory, claimed to be of a superior quality — intrinsically 

2 



10 

worth from fifteen to twenty dollars per ton more than the 
ordinary English Railroad Bar ; a circumstance which he con- 
sidered ought to attract attention throughout the country. 

The orders and receipts of Railroad bars from England in 
the year 1849, are believed to amount to Fifteen Millions of 
Dollars — a sum exceeding the amount of BreadstufFs shipped 
to England in the year of the Famine in Ireland, — showing the 
great importance of any improvement in the manufacture of 
Iron in our own country. 

The speaker then referred to the improved machine for 
Planing Iron, then on exhibition — alleged to cause an annual 
saving of two millions of dollars, on the article of Files alone, 
which before were necessarily used for smoothing the sur- 
faces, which this planing-machine claims to be ready to 
accomplish. 

He pointed to the Iron-tub Casting, at the entrance of the 
Garden, made at the " Novelty Works," for the Paper business. 
It is said to be one of the largest castings of the kind in this 
country ; and, (Gen. T. added,) without giving the details, he 
was authorized to say that the very modern improvements in 
the process of Paper making were such, by means of labor- 
saving machinery, that we may now produce a line of twenty- 
four miles of ordinary newspaper width in one day, where 
formerly the corresponding labor would only produce an ex- 
tent of one mile.* 



* We have been furnished vv'ith the followiDg statement, relative to the pro- 
cesses and results of the Paper Manufacture, under the old and the new systems 
of operation : 

Formerly, the process was slow and laborious. Each sheet w"as made sepa- 
rately, and four and a half reams of newspaper, of the size of twenty by thirty 
inches, was technically termed "« daifs work ;■' and required the constant labor 
of three men, with the occasional assistance of two more. These four and a half 
reams contained two thousand one hundred and sixty sheets, which, if placed 
close together in a line, would measure five thousand four hundred feet — a little 
more than one mile; 



11 

The speaker then referred to the Sewing Machine on es- 
hibition, by which the needle was successfully made to work 
by the application of steam power, and demonstrated that it 
could sew a seam with extraordinary speed over manual labor. 

He also called attention to the improvement of the Pin- 
making machine. It had before stood as a wonder of the age, 
(he said,) in being able to make and head complete at the rate 
of two hundred per minute. It now hastens its work, and will 
produce Pins perfectly made and complete, at the rate of six 
hundred per minute. 

He said, it was Porter, of Pennsylvania, who gave to his 
country new and improved machinery in the manufacture of 
Slate, for roofs — but more especially for our Common Schools. 
Where an experienced man could before polish and frame, ten 
or twelve slates in a day ; — he can now w^ith this new labor- 
saving machinery, complete for market, ten or twelve dozen 



By the introduction of machinery, this part of the process of Paper-making has 
been entirely changed. The paper is now rim off in one continuous sheet, and, 
on oar best machines, at the rate of forty- five feet per minute. Some of the 
machines in use being of the width of eighty-four inches, the attention of two 
men and four girls is required to form Paper of ihe size before mentioned, twenty 
by thirty inches. Such a machine — working the same amount of time as the 
old fashioned variety, (twelve hours) — will make thirty-two thousand four hund- 
red feet of paper eighty inches v/ide ! 

But "this is not all. When the three men with their assistants, under the old 
plan, had finished their day's work and made their one mile of paper, it was wet, 
and it became necessary to dry it upon poles. If the weather proved favorable, 
ihis might be done, taken down and finished in five days — ten tinaes longer than 
the time occupied in making it. Now, when the two men and four girls have in 
twelve hours made their twenty-four miles of paper, it is dry, and, when cut into 
sheets, is ready for the printer ; and this without regard to the weather, be it 
rain or shine. 

Thus it is evident that formerly it took ten times as long to prepare the paper 
for market, after it was moulded into sheets, as was now required to convert it 
from the pulp— and that the labor of five persons in one day produced for the 
market only the one-hoenty-fourlh pari now obtained by the use of labor-saving 
machinery 



12 

per day. The cost of slates is now about as many cents as it 
was shillings before, with a great hindrance to importations. 
The improvement is one of the material pillars of the Common 
School System — of the wide dissemination of that Education 
which is the glory of our nation ; — the blight of despotism ; 
and the bane of monarchy. 

The speaker next pointed to the productions of Agriculture 
of a mammoth character, then on exhibition,— specifying sev- 
eral of them, and among others, a Cheese from Ohio of some 
seventeen hundred pounds weight. Passing rapidly over this 
ground, 

He then held up and called particular attention to a speci- 
men of the fine Shawls manufactured at the Bay State Mills, 
in Massachusetts — where the progress of this work is such 
that the Company give constant employment to one thousand 
laborers ; and produce at their Mills a thousand of these Shawls 
per day. The speaker passed a well-merited eulogium upon 
the extent and character of this comparatively new branch of 
American manufactures. 

The premium piece of Broadcloth was then exhibited, from 
among other pieces of great excellence and merit — made from 
American wool, and remarkable for its fineness and the deli- 
cacy of its manufacture. 

The next subject of comment was one of peculiar interest : 
a specimen of American Linen, made from American flax. 
This Linen was of very fine and superior quality, and obtain- 
ed as a premium " The Tallmadge Gold Medal," which it well 
deserved. 

Gen. T. then asked the spectators, at their leisure, to 
continue their examination in detail — the occasion forbidding 
him further to specify, than to make a very brief allusion to 
"Dodge's Cop-Spinner" — believed to be a new and decided 
improvement in the spinning of cotton. It was intended, he 
said, and was fully able to spin both warps and fillings with 



13 

equal accuracy. The importance of the improvement, he con- 
tinued, might be judged by the fact, that this machine was 
capable of running one-third faster, (doing equal work,) than 
the ordinary Cop-Spinner, — a gain sufficiently large to revo- 
lutionize this pursuit. The spindles of this machine make 
with ease ten thousand turns per minute, throwing forty feet 
of thread in the same time. 

The present consumption of Cotton in the United States is 
estimated at 500,000 bales per annum, which is more than the 
entire Crop in 1824. This does not include a vast quantity, 
which goes up the Mississippi, Ohio, and also out from the 
Tennesee and Cumberland rivers, for the supply of the mills 
in Indiana, Ohio, Western Virginia, and Pennsylvania. There 
are said to be upwards of two hundred and fifty Cotton mills to 
the south of Mason and Dixon's line : in these points and sources 
of consumption, it is believed 150,000 bales are used, making a 
total, not less than 650,000 bales worked up, at home. The 
quantity of Cotton goods made in the United States is esti- 
mated at 720,000,000 of yards, of which about 80,000,000 are 
exported, leaving 640,000,000 for home consumption. 

That the improvements introduced in Machinery has a ten- 
dency to lessen the price of Manufactures, is a truth too evi- 
dent to need demonstration ; but it by no means follows, that 
they lessen the demand for useful labor. The number of la- 
borers employed is really increased, by the useful improve- 
ments and inventions introduced in the Arts. We find the 
following, which is copied from a recent French work, on 
Political Economy, by Mr. Joseph Granner : — 

" In many cases, machines, far from supplanting human la- 
"bor have multiplied it. In fact every abridgement of labor, 
" by reducing the cost of production, carries the manufactured 
" article to the door of a greater number of consumers ; and 
"experience proves that consumers multiply in a greater de- 
*' gree than the price decreases, especially when the method of 
" manufacture improves the commodity. The diminution of 



14 

" the price by a fourth has been known to double the con- 
" sumption. We will only cite two examples — printing and 
" cotton spinning. Although the steam press enables one man 
" to do the work of two hundred, the multiplication of books, 
" the arts w^hich are connected with them, such as the casting 
" of type, the fabrication of paper, the professions of author, 
" corrector, binder, etc., employ a thousand times as many 
" persons as formerly were occupied in them ; and what a 
*' difference in form and price between the manuscripts of 
" early times and the books of the present ! When we observe 
"the perfection of the machinery for spinning cotton, and the 
" admirable rapidity with which the bobbin's are covered with 
" thread, we may fancy that the greater number of persons 
" formerly employed in spinning have been thrown out of 
*' work ; yet precisely the reverse has happened. Before the 
" invention of machinery, only 5200 female spinners at the 
" wheel, and 2700 weavers, altogether 7900 persons were em- 
" ployed in England; whilst in 1787, ten years later, 150,000 
" spinners, and 247,000 weavers, or 397,000 persons were 
" reckoned." 

In this age of Invention and Patent Rights, it will be curious 
to look at the Ancient Law of Patents in England, and mark 
the school, from which certain of our modern statesmen ob- 
tained REASONS for the violence of their opposition to Internal 
Improvements, and the encouragement of Domestic Industry. 

Sir Edward Coke, in his learned disquisition on the Law of 
Patents, lays down these two doctrines : First, he says, " a 
patent is not grantable, for an invention that is not generally 
convenient." He cites as an illustration of the rule, a solemn 
decision, of which he highly approves, in the case of an inven- 
tion, by means of which a material for bonnets and caps might 
be thickened in a fulling-mill, in greater numbers in one day, 
than by the labor of four score men. On the validity of this 
patent coming in question, the court determined it was void, on 
account of its " inconvenience," by " making loorkmen idle" 



15 

The other doctrine laid down by Sir E. Coke, is, " that no 
patent can be good, which is for an addition to an old manu- 
facture." And for this, a grave decision is cited, in which the 
Court said, " that it was much easier to add than to invent, 
for adding was only putting a new button on an old coat." 
Mpt. Institutes — 5 vol., p. 184 — Title, ^'■Against Monopolists.'''' 

In the same spirit of liberality, a prosecution for Treason 
was had in the Reign of Edward IV., ^vhen a man named 
William Walters, who kept the Crown Tavern in Cheapside, 
was hanged, drawn and quartered, for saying to his little boy, 
to keep him quiet, " that he wo'uld one day, make him Heir to 
the Crown." 

The speaker said, — how well, from such extracts, may we 
learn at this day, the blessings of our age and country. May 
we not hope that the violence of opposition will cease, against 
the countervailmg measures and a just protection, against 
foreign encroachments. 

After a few other remarks, upon this and kindred subjects, 
the speaker brought his observations to a close. He said he 
would finally avail himself of this opportunity to remark, that 
he had received gratifying information from gentlemen of the 
South, and from sources which he deem^ed reliable, that the 
South had entered into manufactures. Georgia already had her 
forty-five Cotton Factories — South Carolina her forty-five ; 
Virginia, forty ; North Carolina, thirty-five ; and Alabama, 
twenty. lie felt that this circumstance was one of great 
National interest. The South also had several furnaces, and 
had begun the manufacture of Iron. 

The South had also entered into the Railroad system. 
These events seemed, he said, of much importance. They 
secured the advance in wealth and the prosperity of the South. 
By this new union in pursuit, and the noble object of the em- 
ployment of Domestic Industry, there is produced a unity of 
interest which calls for corresponding legislation. It begat 
a common interest and promised to abolish the odious distinc- 



16 

tions of North and South in our country. Cemented together 
by the bonds of union, of country, of feeling and of interest, 
it secured the great result of the preservation of the perpetual 
Union of that common country, to which we all stand pledged. 
A union thus consummated and actuated with one heart, may 
be ready to stand, and to secure its preservation against a 
hostile world. With the undaunted spirit and the strong 
arms of such men in the field, and with our future Jacksons, 
our ScoTTs, and our Taylors to lead, we need not fear but 
that success and victory will ever fail to our lot. A living 
Hero has recently given " Buena Vista" as a watchword for 
us, and as a caution to the future foes of our Country. 

Gen. Tallmadge here concluded, amid the loud and con- 
tinued plaudits of the assemblage, by ^vhom his remarks were 
listened to, throughout, with great decorum and attention. 

The President stated that he was authorized to say that, the 
gross receipts for entrances at the present exhibition have 
amounted to #18,675. This sum is held to provide for the ex- 
penses and the Premiums awarded, which are as follows : — 

50 Gold Medals. 
238 Silver Medals. 

61 Silver Cups. 
430 Diplomas. 

152 volumes of Agricultural Works. 
8108 and 24 Certificates, (Apprentices' Premiums.) 
8110 and 6 Bronze Medals, (Van Schaick Premiums.) 
1 Gold Medal, (Tallmadge Premium.) 
825 Cash Premium. 

So closed the Twenty-Second Anniversary of the American 
Institute of the City of New York — an occasion of profit and 
of pleasure both to the owners and to the spectators of its 
wealth of American Products. 



Errata — p. 7, line 7 — for national, read material. 



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